Class 10th Biology notes: List of chapters
Table of Contents
Life processes
Life processes are essential functions that all living organisms perform to maintain life. These processes are vital for the growth, development, and survival of organisms. there are mainly blood circulatory system, respiratory system, excretory system and digestive system. life processes are interconnected and ensure the smooth functioning and sustainability of living organisms.
Control and coordination
Control and coordination in living organisms involve the regulation and integration of various physiological processes to maintain homeostasis and respond to environmental changes. there are basically two major system endocrine and nervous system. Control and coordination are essential for the proper functioning of living organisms, allowing them to interact with their environment, adapt to changes, and maintain internal stability.
How do organism reproduce
Reproduction is a biological process by which living organisms produce offspring, ensuring the continuity of their species. It is essential for the survival and evolution of species. There are two main types of reproduction: asexual and sexual. there are several other topics such as fertilisation, gestation period, puberty, structure of male and female reproductive system, IUCD, etc.
Heredity and evolution
Heredity and evolution are fundamental concepts in biology that explain how traits are passed from one generation to the next and how species change over time.
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Important Terms – Life Processes
Life Process
The basic biological processes that keep an organism alive, such as nutrition, respiration, transportation, and excretion.
Nutrition
The process by which organisms obtain and utilize food for energy, growth, repair, and maintenance.
Autotrophic Nutrition
A mode of nutrition in which organisms prepare their own food using sunlight, carbon dioxide, and water.
Heterotrophic Nutrition
A mode of nutrition in which organisms depend on other organisms for food.
Photosynthesis
The process by which green plants prepare food using sunlight, chlorophyll, carbon dioxide, and water, releasing oxygen as a by-product.
Chlorophyll
The green pigment in plants that traps sunlight for photosynthesis.
Stomata
Tiny pores present on the surface of leaves that allow the exchange of gases and water vapour.
Respiration
The process of breaking down food to release energy for carrying out life activities.
Aerobic Respiration
Respiration that takes place in the presence of oxygen and releases a large amount of energy.
Anaerobic Respiration
Respiration that occurs in the absence of oxygen and releases less energy.
Mitochondria
The cell organelles known as the “powerhouses of the cell” where aerobic respiration takes place.
Transportation
The movement of water, minerals, food, and other substances throughout an organism.
Xylem
A plant tissue responsible for transporting water and minerals from roots to different parts of the plant.
Phloem
A plant tissue that transports prepared food from leaves to other parts of the plant.
Blood
A fluid connective tissue that transports oxygen, nutrients, hormones, and waste products throughout the body.
Plasma
The liquid component of blood that carries nutrients, hormones, and waste materials.
Red Blood Cells (RBCs)
Blood cells that transport oxygen using haemoglobin.
White Blood Cells (WBCs)
Blood cells that protect the body against infections and diseases.
Platelets
Blood components that help in clotting and prevent excessive bleeding.
Haemoglobin
An iron-containing protein in red blood cells responsible for carrying oxygen.
Heart
A muscular organ that pumps blood throughout the body.
Double Circulation
The circulation of blood in which blood passes through the heart twice during one complete cycle.
Excretion
The process of removing metabolic waste products from the body.
Kidneys
The main excretory organs that filter blood and produce urine.
Nephron
The structural and functional unit of the kidney responsible for filtering blood and forming urine.
Urine
A liquid waste product containing urea, excess water, and dissolved salts.
Transpiration
The loss of water in the form of water vapour from the aerial parts of plants, mainly through stomata.
Diffusion
The movement of particles from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration.
Osmosis
The movement of water molecules through a selectively permeable membrane from a region of higher water concentration to a region of lower water concentration.
Alveoli
Tiny air sacs in the lungs where the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide takes place.
Haemodialysis
An artificial method of filtering blood when the kidneys fail to function properly.